Snowball sampling BBA Chapter 5

Data Management Report

Authors

Affiliations

Rainer M. Krug

University of Zurich

Tuan Nguyen

Hasselt University

Abstract

A snowball literature using OpenAlex will be conducted and all steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.

Working Title

Literature search for BBA Chapter 5 Section 5.1

Code repo

IPBES_BBA_Ch5_R&R

Version 0.1.0 Build No 104

Read Key-paper

Code

#|

kp <- jsonlite::read_json(params$keypapers)

dois <- sapply(
    kp,
    function(x) {
        x$DOI
    }
) |>
    unlist() |>
    unique() |>
    as.character()

dois <- dois[!is.null(dois)]

Of the 16 keypapers, 12 have a DOI and can be used for the further search.

Searches

Searches are conducted with the OpenAlex API. The API is documented here.

Get key_works

Code

#|

fn <- file.path("data", "key_works.rds")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    key_works <- oa_fetch(
        entity = "works",
        doi = dois,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(key_works, fn)
} else {
    key_works <- readRDS(fn)
}

key_works_cit <- IPBES.R::abbreviate_authors(key_works)

Setup OpenAlex usage and do snowball serarch

Code

#|

ids <- openalexR:::shorten_oaid(key_works$id)

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    snowball <- oa_snowball(
        identifier = ids,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(snowball, fn)
}

flat_snow <- snowball2df(snowball) |>
    tibble::as_tibble()

Supplemented edges between all papers

Code

#|

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball_supplemented.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball_supplemented <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    new_edges <- tibble(
        from = character(0),
        to = character(0)
    )

    works <- snowball$nodes$id

    for (i in 1:nrow(snowball$nodes)) {
        from <- works[[i]]
        to <- gsub("https://openalex.org/", "", snowball$nodes$referenced_works[[i]])
        to_in_works <- to[to %in% works]
        if (length(to_in_works) > 0) {
            new_edges <- add_row(
                new_edges,
                tibble(
                    from = from,
                    to = to_in_works
                )
            )
        }
    }

    snowball_supplemented <- snowball
    snowball_supplemented$edges <- add_row(snowball_supplemented$edges, new_edges) |>
        distinct()

    saveRDS(snowball_supplemented, fn)
}

Results

Number of papers cited by keypapers

Code

snowball$edges |>
    filter(from %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[from])
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )

Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search

Key paper	Number of papers
Panwar et al. (2022)	92
Feger & Mermet (2020)	88
Nedopil (2022)	81
Hassan et al. (2020)	68
Ermgassen et al. (2022)	53
Krause et al. (2020)	53
Boiral & Saizarbitoria (2017)	51
White et al. (2023)	51
Atupola & Gunarathne (2022)	40
Schaltegger et al. (2022)	39
Smith et al. (2019)	11
Lambooy & Levashova (2011)	7

Code

snowball$edges |>
    filter(to %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[to]),
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )

No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search

Key paper	Number of papers
Hassan et al. (2020)	52
Boiral & Saizarbitoria (2017)	40
Smith et al. (2019)	36
Lambooy & Levashova (2011)	31
Krause et al. (2020)	21
Ermgassen et al. (2022)	16
Panwar et al. (2022)	16
Feger & Mermet (2020)	14
Schaltegger et al. (2022)	9
Atupola & Gunarathne (2022)	8
White et al. (2023)	5
Nedopil (2022)	3

Export snowball as Excel file

``nwb #| label: openalex_excel #|

fn <- file.path(“.”, “data”, “snowball_excel.xlsx”) if (!file.exists(fn)) { IPBES.R::to_xlsx(snowball, fn) }

To download the Excel file with all references, plese [click here](data/snowball_excel.xlsx).

The column are: (the Concept columns are not that relevant at the moment)

-   **id**: internal id fromOpenAlex
-   **author**: authors of the paper
-   **publication_year**: publication year
-   **title**: title of the paper
-   **doi**: doi of the paper
-   **no_referenced_works**: number of references in the paper which are also in OpenAlex
-   **cited_global**: Number of times the paper has been cited
-   **cited_global_per_year**: standardised number of times cirted (cited_global / number of years published)
-   **no_connections**: number of connections in the rgaph, i.e. either cited or citing a paper in the snowball corpus
-   **concepts_l0**: Concept 0. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l1**: Concept 1. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l2**: Concept 2. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l3**: Concept 3. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l4**: Concept 4. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **concepts_l5**: Concept 5. level assigned by OpenAlex
-   **author_institute**: Institute of the authors
-   **institute_country**: Country of the institute
-   **abstract**: the abstract of the paper

### Static Citation Network Graph

#### Snowball Search

::: {.cell}

```{.r .cell-code}
#|

name <- "snowball"
if (
    any(
        !file.exists(
            c(
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.pdf")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf"))
            )
        )
    )
) {
    snowball_p <- snowball

    for  (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
        snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
    }

    IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
    rm(snowball_p)
}

:::

Cited by count

To download the highres graph, please click here.

Supplemented Snowball Search

``nwb #| label: snowball_supplemented_graphs

name <- “snowball_supplemented” if ( any( !file.exists( c( file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count.png”)), file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count.pdf”)), file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count_by_year.png”)), file.path(“figures”, paste0(name, “_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf”)) ) ) ) ) { snowball_supplemented\(nodes\)cited_by_count_by_year <- snowball_supplemented\(nodes\)cited_by_count / (2024 - snowball_supplemented\(nodes\)publication_year)

snowball_p <- snowball_supplemented

for  (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
    snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
    snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
    snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
}

IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
rm(snowball_p)

}

![Supplemented Cited by count](figures/snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count_by_year.png)

To download the highres graph, please [click here](figures/snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf).

### Interactive Citation Network Graph

The following interactions are possible:

-   moving your mouse over a node, the title author and year of the paper is shown.
-   clicking on a node will open the paper in a new tab.
-   scrolling up and down with your scroll wheel zooms in and out
-   clicking on the canvas and move the mouse will move the network
-   clicking on a node and dragging it moves the node

#### Snowball Search

::: {.cell}

```{.r .cell-code}
#|

fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_cited_by_count_by_year.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)

Code

# }

:::

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Supplemented Snowball Search

Code

# fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball_supplemented,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)

Code

# }

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Identification of references with more than one edge

This is the number of connections (connection_count)of the paper (id)

Code

#|

mult_edge <- flat_snow |>
    select(id, connection_count) |>
    filter(connection_count > 1) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count))

links <- flat_snow |>
    filter(id %in% mult_edge$id)

links |>
    select(id, display_name, publication_year, doi, connection_count) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count)) |>
    knitr::kable()

id	display_name	publication_year	doi	connection_count
W3004209126	Exploring factors relating to extinction disclosures: What motivates companies to report on biodiversity and species protection?	2020	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2442	120
W4281953953	The uncomfortable relationship between business and biodiversity: Advancing research on business strategies for biodiversity protection	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3139	108
W3047230270	New Business Models for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management Services: Action Research With a Large Environmental Sector Company	2020	https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026620947145	102
W2623604874	Corporate commitment to biodiversity in mining and forestry: Identifying drivers from GRI reports	2017	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.037	91
W4286223148	Integrating biodiversity into financial decision‐making: Challenges and four principles	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3208	84
W3096206810	What makes businesses commit to nature conservation?	2020	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2650	74
W4307029606	Are corporate biodiversity commitments consistent with delivering ‘nature-positive’ outcomes? A review of ‘nature-positive’ definitions, company progress and challenges	2022	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134798	69
W4312182732	Identifying opportunities to deliver effective and efficient outcomes from business-biodiversity action	2023	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.12.003	56
W4281572040	Institutional pressures for corporate biodiversity management practices in the plantation sector: Evidence from the tea industry in Sri Lanka	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3143	48
W4283009762	Managing and accounting for corporate biodiversity contributions. Mapping the field	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3166	48
W2993436936	Biodiversity means business: Reframing global biodiversity goals for the private sector	2019	https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12690	47
W2134528020	Opportunities and challenges for private sector entrepreneurship and investment in biodiversity, ecosystem services and nature conservation	2011	https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.629632	38
W2900460206	Corporate reporting and conservation realities: Understanding differences in what businesses say and do regarding biodiversity	2018	https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1839	7
W2969260349	The evolution of corporate no net loss and net positive impact biodiversity commitments: Understanding appetite and addressing challenges	2019	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2379	7
W2883740377	Using conservation science to advance corporate biodiversity accountability	2018	https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13190	6
W2065840971	Accounting for the Unaccountable: Biodiversity Reporting and Impression Management	2014	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2497-9	5
W4321788242	Principles for using evidence to improve biodiversity impact mitigation by business	2023	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3389	5
W2027193292	Managing Biodiversity Through Stakeholder Involvement: Why, Who, and for What Initiatives?	2015	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2668-3	4
W2056764751	Understanding changes in business strategies regarding biodiversity and ecosystem services	2012	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.013	4
W2070209083	Problematising accounting for biodiversity	2013	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2013-1255	4
W2778636465	Corporate Biodiversity Management through Certifiable Standards	2017	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2005	4
W2910752062	Improving corporate biodiversity management through employee involvement	2019	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2273	4
W3038057993	Bringing sustainability to life: A framework to guide biodiversity indicator development for business performance management	2020	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2573	4
W4387397656	Is biodiversity disclosure emerging as a key topic on the agenda of institutional investors?	2023	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3587	4
W1999167944	Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet	2015	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259855	3
W2110588853	Stakeholders and environmental management practices: an institutional framework	2004	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.409	3
W2133943540	Business, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity	2013	https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026613490173	3
W2169019517	A review of corporate goals of No Net Loss and Net Positive Impact on biodiversity	2014	https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001476	3
W2782810353	Integrated extinction accounting and accountability: building an ark	2018	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-06-2017-2957	3
W2901004189	Four priorities for new links between conservation science and accounting research	2018	https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13254	3
W2904889945	Embedding biodiversity and ecosystem services in corporate sustainability: A strategy to enable Sustainable Development Goals	2018	https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.34	3
W3088975513	Biodiversity and extinction accounting for sustainable development: A systematic literature review and future research directions	2020	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2649	3
W3138714179	Extinction accounting and accountability: Empirical evidence from the west European tissue industry	2021	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2763	3
W3211798116	Biodiversity disclosure, sustainable development and environmental initiatives: Does board gender diversity matter?	2021	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2929	3
W4281611865	Business, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Evidence from large‐scale survey data	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3141	3
W4293059051	Editorial	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3186	3
W4304192477	Biodiversity management approaches in small and innovative businesses: insights from asystems thinkingperspective	2022	https://doi.org/10.1108/srj-03-2022-0113	3
W4307852789	Determining the economic costs and benefits of conservation actions: A decision support framework	2022	https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12840	3
W4307918879	Investigating biodiversity and circular economy disclosure practices: Insights from global firms	2022	https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2402	3
W4386883218	Integrating Biodiversity into Business Strategy: Theoretical Foundations and Exemplary Cases	2023	https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1341425	3
W4386893707	Short‐term solutions to biodiversity conservation in portfolio construction: Forward‐looking disclosure and classification‐based metrics biodiversity conservation in portfolio construction	2023	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3570	3
W1444047749	Bulldozing biodiversity: The economics of offsets and trading-in Nature	2015	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.037	2
W1757989792	Leading by Example: A Model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment	2013	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1835	2
W1853397149	Planetary Boundaries: Ecological Foundations for Corporate Sustainability	2012	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01073.x	2
W1979185175	Biodiversity reporting in Denmark	2013	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj:02-2013-1232	2
W1996435802	New Business Models for Biodiversity Conservation	2009	https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810902791481	2
W2053169259	Sustainable Development and Certification Practices: Lessons Learned and Prospects	2010	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.701	2
W2056960121	Sustainability reports as simulacra? A counter-account of A and A+ GRI reports	2013	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2012-00998	2
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W2108930428	Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers: potential consequences for biodiversity	2002	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02330-8	2
W2163177138	Biodiversity offsets in theory and practice	2013	https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531200172x	2
W2623114543	From the Big Five to the Big Four? Exploring extinction accounting for the rhinoceros	2018	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2320	2
W2743053030	A blueprint towards accounting for the management of ecosystems	2017	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2360	2
W2743276478	Accounts of nature and the nature of accounts	2017	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-07-2017-3010	2
W2744356130	Best practices for corporate commitment to biodiversity: An organizing framework from GRI reports	2017	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.012	2
W2784267580	The emancipatory potential of extinction accounting: Exploring current practice in integrated reports	2018	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2017.12.001	2
W2786394464	Biodiversity and threatened species reporting by the top Fortune Global companies	2018	https://doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-03-2016-2490	2
W2799473550	Institutional challenges for corporate participation in payments for ecosystem services (PES): insights from Southeast Asia	2018	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0569-y	2
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W2804041283	Palm oil supply chain complexity impedes implementation of corporate no-deforestation commitments	2018	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.012	2
W2804246328	Integrating corporate social responsibility into conservation policy. The example of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy	2018	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.007	2
W2889366632	Aiming higher to bend the curve of biodiversity loss	2018	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0130-0	2
W2910085412	Corporate biodiversity accounting and reporting in mega-diverse countries: An examination of indicators disclosed in sustainability reports	2019	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.060	2
W2982548986	Net positive outcomes for nature	2019	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1022-z	2
W2984503917	The intention of companies to invest in biodiversity and ecosystem services credits through an online-marketplace	2019	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.101026	2
W2995840337	Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change	2019	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax3100	2
W3002382966	European firms’ corporate biodiversity disclosures and board gender diversity from 2002 to 2016	2020	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2020.100893	2
W3003182401	Progress in natural capital accounting for ecosystems	2020	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8901	2
W3113465337	Rethinking zero deforestation beyond 2020 to more equitably and effectively conserve tropical forests	2020	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.007	2
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W4313407277	Implementing biodiversity reporting: insights from the case of the largest dairy company in China	2022	https://doi.org/10.1108/sampj-09-2021-0375	2
W4315707282	Nature-positive goals for an organization’s food consumption	2023	https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00660-2	2
W4319789152	Wildlife trafficking as a societal supply chain risk: Removing the parasite without damaging the host?	2023	https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12297	2
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W4387685599	Extinction Accounting	2023	https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9076-1.ch003	2
W4388180518	Determinants of sustainability reporting: A systematic literature review	2023	https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2645	2
W4389802877	The inclusion of biodiversity into Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework: A strategic integration of ecocentric extinction accounting	2024	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119808	2
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Identification of Concepts

OpenAlex assigns all works concepts. The concepts are in hirarchical order, ranging from 0 to 3. The higher the number, the more specific the concept. The concepts are assigned to the paper (id)

Level 0

``nwb #| label: l0 #|

level <- 0 fn <- file.path(“.”, “data”, paste0(“concepts_l”, level, “.rds”)) if (!file.exists(fn)) { x <- lapply( flat_snow[[“concepts”]], FUN = function(x) { x[[“display_name”]][x[[“level”]] == level] } ) |> unlist() |> table() |> as.data.frame() |> arrange(desc(Freq)) names(x) <- c(paste0(“l”, level, “_concept”), “count”) saveRDS(x, fn) }

fn |> readRDS() |> knitr::kable()

#### Level 1

```{r}`
#| label: l1
#|

level <- 1
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

Level 2

``nwb #| label: l2 #|

level <- 2 fn <- file.path(“.”, “data”, paste0(“concepts_l”, level, “.rds”)) if (!file.exists(fn)) { x <- lapply( flat_snow[[“concepts”]], FUN = function(x) { x[[“display_name”]][x[[“level”]] == level] } ) |> unlist() |> table() |> as.data.frame() |> arrange(desc(Freq)) names(x) <- c(paste0(“l”, level, “_concept”), “count”) saveRDS(x, fn) }

fn |> readRDS() |> knitr::kable()

#### Level 3

```{r}`
#| label: l3
#|

level <- 3
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

Level 4

``nwb #| label: l4 #|

level <- 4 fn <- file.path(“.”, “data”, paste0(“concepts_l”, level, “.rds”)) if (!file.exists(fn)) { x <- lapply( flat_snow[[“concepts”]], FUN = function(x) { x[[“display_name”]][x[[“level”]] == level] } ) |> unlist() |> table() |> as.data.frame() |> arrange(desc(Freq)) names(x) <- c(paste0(“l”, level, “_concept”), “count”) saveRDS(x, fn) }

fn |> readRDS() |> knitr::kable()

#### Level 5

```{r}`
#| label: l5
#|

level <- 5
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

Bibliographic

Reuse

Citation

BibTeX citation:

@report{krug,
  author = {Krug, Rainer M. and Nguyen, Tuan},
  title = {Snowball Sampling {BBA} {Chapter} 5},
  date = {},
  doi = {99.99.99999999},
  langid = {en},
  abstract = {A snowball literature using
    {[}OpenAlex{]}(https://openalex.org/) will be conducted and all
    steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of
    Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.}
}

For attribution, please cite this work as:

Krug, Rainer M., and Tuan Nguyen. n.d. “Snowball Sampling BBA Chapter 5.” IPBES Data Management Report. https://doi.org/99.99.99999999.